Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of … information.

Другие предметы Университет Типы кодирования информации английский язык профессиональная сфера университет изучение языка навыки общения деловая переписка профессиональная терминология академическое письмо языковая практика курсы английского языка Новый

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving are well-known for their research in cognitive psychology, particularly concerning memory and encoding. They proposed that there are three types of encoding: structural, phonemic, and semantic. To understand which type of encoding leads to better memory retention, let's break down the steps they took in their experiments.

1. Defining the Types of Encoding:
   • Structural Encoding: This involves processing the physical structure of a word, such as its font or capitalization.
   • Phonemic Encoding: This focuses on the sound of a word, including how it is pronounced.
   • Semantic Encoding: This is the deepest level of processing, where the meaning of the word is considered.
2. Designing the Experiment:
   • Participants were presented with a list of words.
   • Each word was subjected to different types of encoding, where participants had to answer questions that prompted them to engage in structural, phonemic, or semantic processing.
3. Testing Memory Recall:
   • After the encoding phase, participants were given a memory recall test to see how many words they could remember.
   • The results were compared based on the type of encoding used.
4. Analyzing the Results:
   • The results typically showed that semantic encoding led to the best recall, followed by phonemic, and then structural encoding.
   • This indicated that the deeper the level of processing, the better the memory retention.

In conclusion, Craik and Tulving's experiments demonstrated the importance of semantic encoding in memory retention. Understanding these different types of encoding can help us develop better study techniques and improve our memory skills in both academic and professional settings.