Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?

• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

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Let's analyze the situation based on the information provided in the text and the options given. We need to consider which option best explains John's situation with the details we have.

1. John associates knowledge with material values.

   This option suggests that John sees a direct link between his academic achievements and the material rewards he receives. It implies that his motivation for learning is driven by the tangible rewards he gets, rather than the intrinsic value of knowledge itself.

2. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.

   This option is a bit more extreme, suggesting that John believes knowledge itself is a commodity. However, the text does not provide enough evidence to conclude that John thinks knowledge can literally be bought and sold. It only mentions that he receives rewards for good marks.

3. John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.

   This option suggests that John enjoys learning for its own sake, and the rewards are just an additional benefit. However, the text does not mention John's feelings about learning, so we cannot assume he learns with pleasure.

4. In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

   This option implies that even though John receives rewards, he is not motivated to attend school. The text does not indicate that John lacks the desire to go to school, so this option doesn't align with the information given.

Given the options and the information in the text, the most fitting explanation seems to be the first one: John associates knowledge with material values. This option is supported by the fact that John's parents motivate him with money and gifts for good marks, which could lead him to associate educational success with material rewards.